Ottoman+Empire+(Political)

The Ottoman Empire overextended themselves politically, militarily, and economically during the 17th and 18th centuries. They lost most much of their territory and surrendered a lot of land. The late 17th to early 18th centuries are considered a period of stagnation, preceding their decline in the 19th century, and dissolution in the 20th as a result of World War I. There are two significant political eras of Ottoman stagnation: -**Köprülü Era** (1656-1703) -**The Tulip Period** (1718-1730)  1648 - 1687 Mehmed IV 1687 - 1691 Süleyman II (III) 1691 - 1695 Ahmed II 1695 - 1703 Mustafa II 1703 - 1730 Ahmed III 1730 - 1754 Mahmud I 1754 - 1757 Osman III
 * The Ottoman Empire 1650-1750 **
 * RULERS**
 * Mehmed IV || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Mehmed_IV_by_John_Young.jpg width="123" height="178"]] || 8 August 1648 || 8 November 1687 || * Son of Ibrahim and Hatice Turhan Sultan;
 * ** Deposed ** following the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Mohács;
 * Died in Edirne on 6 January 1693. ||
 * Suleiman II || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Suleiman_II_by_John_Young.jpg width="111" height="173" align="center"]]

|| 8 November 1687 || 22 June 1691 || * Son of Ibrahim and Saliha Dilâşub Sultan; [|Ottoman Empire's Land Acquisition]
 * Reigned until his death__ . __ ||
 * Ahmed II || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Ahmed_II_by_John_Young.jpg width="119" height="171"]] || 22 June 1691 || 6 February 1695 || * Son of Ibrahim and Hatice Muazzez Sultan;
 * Reigned until his death. ||
 * Mustafa II || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Mustafa_II_by_John_Young.jpg width="108" height="160"]] || 6 February 1695 || 22 August 1703 || * Son of Mehmed IV and Emetullah Rabia Gülnûş Sultan;
 * ** Deposed ** in a Janissary revolt;
 * Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704. ||
 * Ahmed III || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Ahmed_III_by_John_Young.jpg width="117" height="180"]] || 22 August 1703 || 2 October 1730 || * Son of Mehmed IV and Emetullah Rabia Gülnûş Sultan;
 * ** Deposed ** in a Janissary rebellion led by Patrona Halil;
 * Died on 1 July 1736. ||
 * Mahmud I || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Mahmud_I_by_John_Young.jpg width="116" height="179"]] || 2 October 1730 || 13 December 1754 || * Son of Mustafa II and Saliha Sultan;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reigned until his death. ||
 * Osman III || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Osman_III_by_John_Young.jpg width="116" height="183"]] || 13 December 1754 || 30 October 1757 || * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Son of Mustafa II and Şehsuvar Sultan;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Reigned until his death. ||

The Turks provided a border to territorial acquisitions of Hapsburgs, Poland, and Russia, it controlled most of the Balkan Peninsula and entire coastline of black sea. However it was unsuccessful in attaining more land in central Europe. In 1683 Turkish Empire unsuccessfully besieged Vienna. In 1699 gave up control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonic to Hapsburgs.

** Turning Points ** 17th Century
 * **Year** ||  **Date**  ||  **Event**  ||
 * 1686 || || Hungary evacuated. ||
 * 1687 || || Mehmed IV died. ||
 * 1699 || || Ottomans ceded Hungary to Europe in the Treaty of Karlowitz. ||

18th century

 * **Year** ||  **Date**  ||  **Event**  ||
 * 1718 || || Treaty of Passarowitz signed. ||
 * 1718 || || Beginning of Tulip era (up to 1730) ||

**Wars with Austria**
Shortly after Muhammad Kuprili died, his brother-in-law, Kara Mustafa, took over the military and put into practice Kuprili's new expansionist policies. His first target was the Hapsburg Empire of Austria. He wanted nothing less than the complete conquest of Austria, so he marched straight for the capital, Vienna. In 1683, with Vienna under siege, the Ottomans were defeated by an alliance of European forces and by the heavy artillery that had come into practice among European armies. While this defeat initiated a long period peace in the relationships between the Ottomans and the Europeans, it also effectively ended the Ottoman wars of conquest, and the end of conquest also began the steady deterioration of Ottoman power over European territories.

In 1699, the Ottomans signed the **Peace of Karlowitz**. In this treaty, the Ottomans handed over to Austria the provinces of Hungary and Transylvania, leaving only Macedonia and the Balkans under Ottoman control, but the Balkans had begun to destabilize after the Ottoman defeat of 1683.

**European Wars**
In the eighteenth century, the Ottomans fought a series of wars with European powers. Between 1714 and 1718, they fought with the small country of Venice; between 1736 and 1739, they fought with Austria and Russia in order to stop the expansion of these powers into Muslim territories. The Russians in particular continued to aggressively expand their state into Muslim territories in Central Asia; these small Muslim states had no place to turn to except the Ottomans. War with Russia, in fact, dominates the Ottoman scene from much of the eighteenth century; the two states clashed between 1768 and 1774, and again between 1787 and 1792. In all these wars of the eighteenth century, there were no clear victors or losers.

 Allah! Lord who liv'st for aye! O Sole! O King of Glory's Ray! Monarch who ne'er shalt pass away! show thou to us thy bounties fair. In early morning shall our cry, our wail, mount to thy Throne on high:

"Error and sin our wont," we sigh: show thou to us thy bounties fair. If cometh not from thee thy grace, evil shall all our works deface; O Lord of Being and of Space! show thou to us thy bounties fair. Creator of security! to thy Beloved greetings be! These fair words are in sincerity: show thou to us thy bounties fair Iqbali sinned hath indeed, yet unto him thy grace concede; Eternal, Answerer in need! show thou to us thy bounties fair.

//**---Sultan Mustafa II (r. 1695-1703)**//